Patrick R. Zulkowski, David A. Sivak, Michael R. DeWeese
Biological systems fundamentally exist out of equilibrium in order to preserve organized structures and processes. Many changing cellular conditions can be represented as transitions between nonequilibrium steady states, and organisms have an interest in minimizing the energy expended in such transitions. Using the Hatano-Sasa generalized dissipation, we extend a recently developed geometrical framework for determining optimal protocols so that it can be applied to systems driven from nonequilibrium steady states. We calculate optimal protocols for a colloidal particle dragged through solution by a translating optical trap with two controllable parameters, numerically verify our optimal protocols, and offer specific experimental predictions. These optimal protocols may point to design principles for biological energy transduction systems and guide the design of artificial molecular machines.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.6596
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