1206.2577 (Takaaki Monnai)

Operational typicality of the nonequilibrium states: a thermodynamic
lower bound of the deviation from equilibrium    [PDF]

Takaaki Monnai

The typicality of the canonical state shows that majority of the states are indistinguishable from equilibrium, and thus the nonequilibrium states are exceptionally rare in the extremely high-dimensional Hilbert space. On the contrary, we can easily apply an external force acting on the system, and then the actual density matrix quantitatively deviates from the canonical state specified by the system Hamiltonian at each instance. To express how the external forcing amounts to the deviation from equilibrium, we give a universal thermodynamic expression of the lower bound of Hilbert-Schmidt distance between the actual nonequilibrium and corresponding canonical states. The lower bound is expressed only by the amount of forcing and its consequent entropy production rate.

View original: http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.2577